Stalling speed is the minimum speed need to generate lift.

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I was wondering, why do Boeing jets always have the prefix 7 and airbus the prefix 3. Is it just conicdeintail or does each airplane manufactuer get a designated prefix with only they can exclusivley use?

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It was in 1903, when the Wright brothers were triggered with instinct act of feather-flyers and invented the first ever aircraft. Because of continual research and technological up-gradation, we have the modern-day flights having multitude of aircraft types for diverse purpose.

The Past about Aircrafts

People whoever tried to come up with a variant from existing aircraft technology had the dealt with the same four old forces – lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Additionally, they had to deal with the challenges of stability and control too.

Flying faster than sound then led to development of Concorde and it had its own special demands.

Innovation in Aircraft Design – Airbus A380

Among the world leading aircraft manufacturers, Boeing, Airbus, and Tupolev develop larger aircrafts for passenger and cargo transport, while Bombardier and Embraer concentrate on developing small and mid-size commuter aircrafts.

The most recent double-deck Airbus A380 from Airbus is a four-engined airliner and had its first flight on 27 April 2005 from Toulouse in France. Commercial flights of Airbus A380 are expected to commence in early 2007, with the delivery of the first aircraft to Singapore Airlines.

The Airbus A380-800, a passenger model, is the largest passenger airliner in the world with maximum speed range of 15,000 km, capable to fly from Chicago to Sydney nonstop at a cruising speed of Mach 0.85 (1,050 km/h). The model provides large spacious cabin room with 50% more floor space than the next largest airliner, providing seating for up to 853 people in its full economy class category.

Airliners, a Factor in Economies Growth

There exists almost some 260 airlines world over, comprising for 94% of international air traffic. During 2005, international passenger traffic increased by about 8%, largely driven by continual acceleration in world economy and strong price competition from airliners. A study by IATA confirms that liberalization in air travel directly benefits the economies by increasing GDP, employment, tourism, and exports.

How Lost-Cost Airlines Serve?

A Low-cost airline is the popular way to get discount airfare. Airlines offering such cheap fares work in a different strategy, as they club-in all classes together to one economic class without any frills. They provide travelers a heavy discount on the cost of tickets and generally, fares get cheaper as the date of departure advance. There are many large reliable low-cost airlines world over, offering discounts and remain a reliable alternative to other discount travel methods.

Lost-cost airline are designed aiming at simplifying the travel experience to minimize hassle and give more control to each passenger by eliminating tickets and provide a maximum amount of services on the Internet and through self-service kiosks .

Furthermore, the airline industry is increasingly exposed to a more general low-price environment through greater competition from new low-cost airlines and constraints in adjusting excess capacity. Low-cost airlines target executives from small and mid-size business houses and tourists who travel across the globe.

In recent days, passenger flow in Europe is boosted because of rising trend in short leisure flows and this trend is further boosted by growing popularity of low-cost airlines. Increasing need of travel among people is very much seen in recent days and being wise to select the right airliner could be another important aspect of air traveling. So, when you are in need of faster service at low rate, cheap fights are one that serve your need.

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Did the Airbus A320 actually float or is it partially resting on the bottom of the river?

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Air Transport

The most important manufacturers of civil transport aircraft, taken on a worldwide basis, include the following:

Airbus – It is a subsidiary of EADS, a huge European aerospace corporation, and manufactures aircraft on their behalf. Airbus has its base in Toulouse in France, and it manufactures nearly half of the world’s jet airliners. It has sixteen sites within Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Spain, and employs a total of around 57,000 people across these sites.

Boeing – It is a major defense and aerospace company with a manufacturing function based in Seattle. In terms of revenue, it is the largest aircraft manufacturer in the world, as well as the second-largest aerospace and defense contractor, globally. In fact, it holds the position of being the largest exporter in the United States.

Bombardier – It a major aircraft manufacturer with headquarters in Quebec in Canada. It has a versatile product range including regional aircraft, business jets, mass transportation equipment, recreational equipment, such as snowmobiles, and is a financial services provider. The aerospace division accounts for around 50% of the company’s income. It’s best selling aircraft include the Dash 8 and CRJ lines of regional airliners. The Learjet company is a subsidiary of Bombardier and manufactures jets under the Learjet name.

Embraer – It is a Brazilian aerospace company that manufactures commercial, military, and corporate aircraft, together with associated aerospace services. In respect of worldwide aircraft manufacturers, it has the third largest yearly delivery of commercial aircraft, behind Boeing and Airbus. Its headquarters and principal production facilities are in São Paulo.

Tupolev – It is a renowned Russian aerospace and defence company, with headquarters centred in Moscow. It is understood that the Russian government is planning to merge Tupolev with other famed aircraft manufacturers, including Mikoyan, Ilyushin, Irkut, Sukhoi, and Yakovlev as a new company named United Aircraft Corporation. Development, manufacturing and overhaul of both civil and military aircraft and weapons systems are just some of the aerospace ventures that the company is involved in. It is also involved in the technologies associated with missile and naval aviation.

In terms of individual specialisations, it can be said that:

Boeing, Airbus, and Tupolev concentrate on wide and narrow-bodied jet airliners

Bombardier and Embraer concentrate on regional airliners, which refer to small airliners designed to fly between 35 and 100 passengers from point to point on short-haul flights. Such small airliners are most suitable for the regional divisions of the larger international airlines.

In order that these manufacturers may function efficiently, extensive networks of parts suppliers, from around the globe, specialising in their own niche areas, provide appropriate support. Such backup is all the more necessary since, in some instances, the manufacturer will provide only the initial design, with final assembly in their own plants.

The Chinese ACAC consortium, a subsidiary of Aviation Industries of China I (AVIC I), formed in 2002 by various Chinese aviation companies, will also soon enter the civil transport market with its ACAC ARJ21 regional jet. The ARJ21 is a twin-engined airliner and the first passenger jet to be developed and manufactured by the People’s Republic of China.

Aviation – How To Succeed

Peter Radford writes Articles with Websites on a wide range of subjects. Aviation Articles cover Historical Development, Civil/Military/Transport Aircraft, Air Traffic Control, Environmental Impact.

Website has many more.

View his Website at: aviation-how-to-succeed.com

View his Blog at: aviation-how-to-succeed.blogspot.com

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Attitudes in the West are changing. No longer is it deemed acceptable to bribe your way into a contract as long as you and your company are not caught.

Such publicity and the increasing weight of legalisation is having a perceptible impact on the private sector. Major western companies increasingly conscious of their public images want to be seen on the right side of the debate and more companies are implementing anti-bribery and corruption mission statements in to their company codes. A dramatic change of culture is unlikely until anti-bribery legalisation is backed up by proactive investigation and prosecution.

The role of international intelligence services in monitoring bribery and corruption in international contracts is dimension of their work that has emerged publicly in the last eighteen months. There is wide ranging evidence indicating that major governments are routinely utilising communications intelligence to provide commercial advantage to companies and trade.Such intelligence is gathered mainly by North American and Western European governments and companies based in these regions are the main target of such surveillance.

It is now clear that since the beginning of the Clinton administration US Intelligence agencies has devoted a great deal of its signals intelligence (SIGINT) capability to economic espionage. To that end the National Security Agency (NSA) eavesdrops international telecommunications to identify which foreign companies are using bribery and corruption to obtain contracts. For America spies the vital tool has been the global eavesdropping system known by the code name Echelon, This is one role of a British and American run world wide spy system that can suck up phone calls, faxes and e-mails sent by satellite. America intelligence agencies have been able to intercept these vital private communications, often between foreign governments and European businesses, to help the US win major contracts.

Intelligence obtained in this way is used to level the playing field for American companies constrained legally by the FCPA. On the face of it this use of intelligence resources is beneficial for reducing bribery. In a March 2000 article for the Wall Street Journal, entitled Why we spy on our allies, former CIA director James Woolsey claimed there was only one reason why the CIA tracked European companies. Most European technology just is not worth our stealing. he wrote. We have spied on you because you bribe. Your companies products are often more costly, less technically advanced, or both, than your American competitors. It has also provided some of the few figures available to make judgements about the extent of corruption in obtaining international contracts.

A report by the CIA, only recently released, indicated that the United States had found 51 contracts with a value of $28 billion that had been influenced by bribery or some other inappropriate activity by an overseas company. Using this information U.S. intelligence community had helped American firms win $16.5 billion in overseas contracts alone by alerting the governments in third world countries that ministers and others were on the take.

According to one reliable press report: From a commercial communications satellite, NSA (National Security Agency) lifted all the faxes and phone calls between the European consortium Airbus, the Saudi national airline and Saudi government. The agency found that Airbus agents were offering bribes to a Saudi official. It passed the information to US officials pressing the bid of Boeing Co and McDonnell Douglas Corp which triumphed last year in the $6bn competition.

Among the U.S. companies that have benefited are Raytheon, Boeing and Hughes Network Systems. Intelligence officials have clamped down on the release of such data since then although officials at the CIA, NSA, and State Department have said such activities continue.

Many Western European countries are among other users of eavesdropping technology though not on the same scale as the US. They are among the 30 other nations who now run their own top secret eavesdropping agencies capable of listening into other governments communications, private and business calls. Duncan Campbell estimates that about 15-20m Euros is expanded annually on communications intelligence and related activities. While the U.S. maintains that it only uses such information to intervene at govern level to stop bribery and level the playing field. The suspicion remains that the U.S. uses SIGINT information to give its companies advantage.

There has never been a prosecution of an American company under FCPA as a result of SIGINT which does make critics suspicious.

A staff member of the US intelligence reform commission set up , officials at the departments of Commerce, Treasury and State pass information to US companies without revealing the intelligence source. At Commerce, there is no code or book to consult to say when and what information can be passed to a US company. If, for instance, a government official learned that a foreign competitor was about to win a contract sought by a US company, someone in Commerce might call a US executive and say:Look, you might have a better shot at that contract if you sweetened your bid a little. They pass on the information. But they usually do it in a very veiled fashion.

The analogy I use is where we were 250 years ago with pirates on the high seas. Governments never admitted they sponsored piracy, yet they all did behind the scenes. If we now look at cyberspace we have state- sponsored information piracy. We can not have a global e-commerce until governments like the US stop state-sponsored theft of commercial information. However, others remain sceptical that US intelligence really do feed information to US Companies.

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Airbus Fly by wire flight control computers follow this basic laws: Ground Laws, Flight Laws.It was never really discussed on us except that the 3 primary and 2 secondary computers follow this basic laws.
Enlightened me.

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We will be flying with Cubana airlines on something called an “Airbus A320″ What is that? Is it safe? Cubana doesn’t have the best safety record ( 8 fatal accidents per million trips-something like that) North American airlines have a 1 per million ratio. I am totally clueless about aircraft, so could someone fill me in please?

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The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which is responsible for the European Union’s strategy on aviation safety, has ordered a check into potential defects with Airbus long-haul A330 and A340 jets that carry air speed sensors supplied by U.S. manufacturer Goodrich.

The new checks come only weeks after the EASA restricted the use of alternative parts supplied by French company Thales.

EASA said in a directive that there had been reports of loose fittings on certain Goodrich sensors, known as pitot probes. If not corrected, this could lead to an air leak and false speed readings, it said.

A pitot is an L-shaped metal tube that juts from a plane’s forward fuselage and measures airspeed. The devices are susceptible to blockage from water and icing.

Air speed sensors are a key safety component of air travel. A fault can lead to incorrect air speed readings which can jeopardise safety.

Sensors need to be ultra-sensitive because the safety margin for a plane’s speed at high altitude is so narrow that pilots call it ‘coffin corner’. Either 70mph too fast or too slow and a jet can either stall or nosedive.

Investigators into the Air France flight 447 crash suspect that the Airbus’ pitot tubes may have been affected by weather conditions as it flew from Brazil to France, which could have led to the crash.

Air France immediately re-fitted the air speed sensors on its entire fleet of 35 long-haul Air France Airbus jets after the Airline’s union urged pilots not to fly them until the key sensors were updated.

In the wake of the flight 447 disaster one Air France pilot wrote on an internet forum for airline professionals: ‘If the pitot tube is unreliable in bad weather and at high altitude, the plane becomes an airborne death trap. We need to know exactly how fast we are going or the plane will simply fall out of the sky.’

Airlines have five days to verify the probes and report their findings to Airbus.

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About Indian Airlines

Based in New Delhi, Indian Airlines is the state owned domestic airline of India. It started its operation on 1 August 1953. Serving all key domestic as well as international destinations, Indian Airlines was re branded as “Indian” on December 7, 2005. The main motto of the airline is to offer quality service, efficiency and reliability. Providing flawless services, Indian offers great value for money to leisure as well as business travellers. Indian airlines ticket booking provides on line booking service and net ticketing, making flight reservation an easy task for everyone.

Indian Airlines Fleet

The young fleet of Indian Airlines comprises of 70 aircrafts (3 wide-bodied airbus A300s, 47 fly-by-wire airbus A320s, 3 Airbus A319s, 11 Boeing 737s, 2 Dornier Do-228 aircraft and 4 ATR-42). It has also placed an order for 46 new aircrafts comprising of A319, A320 and A 321s.

Indian Airlines Operations

Indian Airlines operates regular flights to 76 destinations, 58 within India and 18 abroad. The airlines flies regularly to all key cities of India that include Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Pune, Goa, Chennai along with many regional destinations like Ahmedabad, Gorakhpur, Allahabad, Bhubaneshwar, Ranchi and others. Offering cheap and great airfare deals, Indian also operate flights to almost all popular sectors of the country that include New Delhi-Bangalore-New Delhi, Mumbai-Bangalore-Mumbai, New Delhi Mumbai flights, Bangalore-New Delhi-Bangalore, Mumbai-Goa-Mumbai, Delhi Goa flights delhi, Bangalore-Hyderabad-Bangalore and more. Indian Airlines is planning to expand its network with in the country and abroad in coming years.

Checkin Time: checkin time for domestic flight 90 minutes before the departure and closes 30 minutes before scheduled departure. checkin time for international flights 3 hours before departure and closes one hour before scheduled departure.

Identification: A valid photo identification card is required at check-in.

Baggage: Indian Airlines allows customers to check-in free of charge up to 30 kg of checked baggage.

Meals: Indian Airlines offers Salt Free / Fat Free Meal,Sugar Free Diet Meal, Vegetarian Meal, Non - Vegetarian Meal, Continental Meal.

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